Forebrain GABAergic neurons, the main inhibitory type of neuron in the cortex and hippocampus, represent a highly heterogeneous cell population that has been implicated in the predisposition to epilepsy and the onset of seizure. Earlier attempts to restore inhibition and reduce seizure in animal models of epilepsy have been carried out using embryonic basal forebrain tissue as source of immature GABAergic progenitors in cell-based therapies, with promising results. For therapeutic strategies this approach appears unrealistic, while the use of pluripotent stem cells to obtain immature GABAergic neurons opens new and promising avenues. Research on neural stem cells and pluripotent stem cells has greatly advanced and protocols have been established to efficiently direct progenitor cells to differentiate towards the GABAergic lineage. However, being highly heterogeneous, these neurons are difficult to be fully represented in vitro. Better knowledge on the expressed gene profiles, at single cell level, and the differentiation trajectory of these neurons will consent a more precise monitoring of the differentiation steps. Here we review the current literature about how to obtain and characterize genuine inhibitory neurons, how these can be grafted in animal models (and one day possibly in human) and which diseases could potentially be targeted and the efficiency of therapeutic outcome. The main obstacles that need to be overcome are: a) choice of an appropriate animal model, b) availability of human cells prone to GABA differentiation, c) the full representation of all IN subtypes, their proportions and their physiological activities, d) how to monitor them on the long-term after transplant.
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Upadhya D, Hattiangady B, Castro OW, Shuai B, Kodali M, et al. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MGE cell grafting after status epilepticus attenuates chronic epilepsy and comorbidities via synaptic integration. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2019; 116: 287-296. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559206
Zhu Q, Naegele JR, Chung S. Cortical GABAergic Interneuron/Progenitor Transplantation as a Novel Therapy for Intractable Epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci. 2018; 12: 167. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29997478
Sebe JY, Baraban SC. The promise of an interneuron-based cell therapy for epilepsy. Dev Neurobiol. 2011; 71: 107-117. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059084/
Hunt RF, Girskis KM, Rubenstein JL, Alvarez-Buylla A, Baraban SC. GABA progenitors grafted into the adult epileptic brain control seizures and abnormal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 2013; 16: 692-697.
Shibley H, Smith BN. Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus results in mossy fiber sprouting and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 and CD-1 mice. Epilepsy Res. 2002; 49: 109-120. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12049799
Hattiangady B, Rao MS, Shetty AK. Grafting of striatal precursor cells into hippocampus shortly after status epilepticus restrains chronic temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol. 2008; 212: 468-481. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18579133
Casalia ML, Howard MA, Baraban SC. Persistent seizure control in epileptic mice transplanted with gamma-aminobutyric acid progenitors. Ann Neurol. 2017; 82: 530-542. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28833459
Romariz SAA, Paiva DS, Galindo LT, Barnabé GF, Guedes VA, et al. Medial Ganglionic Eminence Cells Freshly Obtained or Expanded as Neurospheres Show Distinct Cellular and Molecular Properties in Reducing Epileptic Seizures. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2016; 23: 127-134. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770487
Calcagnotto ME, Ruiz LP, Blanco MM, Santos-Junior JG, Valente MF, et al. Effect of neuronal precursor cells derived from medial ganglionic eminence in an acute epileptic seizure model: Effect of Neuronal Precursor Cells. Epilepsia. 2010; 51: 71-75. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20618405
Paiva D de S, Romariz SAA, Valente MF, Moraes LB, Covolan L, et al. Transplantation of inhibitory precursor cells from medial ganglionic eminence produces distinct responses in two different models of acute seizure induction. Epilepsy Behav. 2017; 70: 125-130. PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28427019
Cesar A Keller*, Thomas A Gonwa, Athena L Russell, David O Hodge, David B Erasmus and Abba C ZubairCesar A Keller*,Thomas A Gonwa,Athena L Russell,David O Hodge,David B Erasmus,Abba C Zubair. Preliminary Report on the Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Patients with Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. . 2018 doi: 10.29328/journal.jsctt.1001012; 2: 035-047
Giorgio R Merlo*, Federica Frisina#, Giulia Valetti#, Giulia Zuccarini# and Luciano Conti#Giorgio R Merlo*,Federica Frisina#,Giulia Valetti#,Giulia Zuccarini#,Luciano Conti#. Advances in the use of GABAergic interneurons for the treatment of epilepsy. . 2019 doi: 10.29328/journal.jsctt.1001014; 3: 009-022
AA Sinelnyk*, SG Shmyh, IG Matiyashchuk, MO Klunnyk, MP Demchuk, OV Ivankova, OO Honza, IA Susak, MV Skalozub, DV Vatlitsov and KI SorochynskaAA Sinelnyk*, SG Shmyh, IG Matiyashchuk, MO Klunnyk, MP Demchuk, OV Ivankova, OO Honza, IA Susak, MV Skalozub, DV Vatlitsov, KI Sorochynska. Clinical Case of Successful Therapy for the Patient with Autism by use of Fetal Stem Cells. . 2024 doi: 10.29328/journal.jsctt.1001043; 8: 048-053
Mathias Julien Hand*, Chimène Fanta Abib, Kingsley Mbi Tabi, Alphonse Ervé Nouck, Libert Brice Tonfack, Victor Désiré Taffouo and Emmanuel YoumbiMathias Julien Hand*,Chimène Fanta Abib,Kingsley Mbi Tabi,Alphonse Ervé Nouck,Libert Brice Tonfack,Victor Désiré Taffouo,Emmanuel Youmbi. Plant growth, Yield and Leaf Nutritional value of Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) as Influenced by Banana Peel levels under Salt Stress conditions in Coastal region of Cameroon. J Plant Sci Phytopathol. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001145; 8: 131-140
Divya Khorwal*, GK Mathur, Umema Ahmed and SS DagaDivya Khorwal*, GK Mathur, Umema Ahmed, SS Daga. Environmental Factors Affecting the Concentration of DNA in Blood and Saliva Stains: A Review. J Forensic Sci Res. 2024: doi: 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001057; 8: 009-015
H Pérez-Aguilar*, M Lacruz-Asaro and F Arán-AisH Pérez-Aguilar*, M Lacruz-Asaro, F Arán-Ais. Evaluation of Biostimulants Based on Recovered Protein Hydrolysates from Animal By-products as Plant Growth Enhancers. J Plant Sci Phytopathol. 2023 doi: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001104; 7: 042-047
Julian A Purrinos* and Ramzi YounisJulian A Purrinos*, Ramzi Younis. Sinonasal Myxoma Extending into the Orbit in a 4-Year Old: A Case Presentation. Arch Case Rep. 2024 doi: 10.29328/journal.acr.1001099; 8: 075-077
Denis Tonini, Kai Wu, Renata Saha and Jian-Ping Wang*Denis Tonini,Kai Wu,Renata Saha,Jian-Ping Wang*. Feasibility study of magnetic sensing for detecting single-neuron action potentials. Ann Biomed Sci Eng. 2022 doi: 10.29328/journal.abse.1001018; 6: 019-029
Khashayar Maroufi*Khashayar Maroufi*. Physical activity can change the physiological and psychological circumstances during COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. J Sports Med Ther. 2021 doi: 10.29328/journal.jsmt.1001051; 6: 001-007
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